An anal fissure is a small tear or cut in the lining of the anal canal, often causing pain, bleeding, and discomfort during bowel movements.

Anal fissures can be caused by various factors, including hard or large stools that stretch the anal canal, chronic constipation, diarrhea, and excessive straining during bowel movements.

Symptoms include sharp pain or discomfort during and after bowel movements, bright red blood on toilet paper or in the stool, and itching around the anal area.

Acute fissures are new tears that typically heal within a few weeks with proper care. Chronic fissures are longer-lasting and may require more intensive treatment.

A healthcare provider can usually diagnose an anal fissure through a physical examination of the anal area. In some cases, additional tests might be needed to rule out other conditions.

Treatment options include dietary changes to promote softer stools, increased fiber intake, proper hydration, sitz baths (soaking the affected area in warm water), topical creams or ointments, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

Surgery is typically reserved for chronic fissures that do not respond to conservative treatment. Surgical options may include sphincterotomy, which involves cutting a small portion of the anal sphincter muscle to relieve pressure and promote healing.

Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy diet with plenty of fiber, drinking enough water, avoiding excessive straining during bowel movements, and practicing good hygiene.

If left untreated, anal fissures can lead to chronic pain, infection, and the development of a small lump called a sentinel pile.

• While some mild fissures may heal on their own with home care, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment, especially if the pain and symptoms persist.

If not managed, chronic fissures can contribute to the development of an anal fistula, an abnormal tunnel connecting the anal canal to the skin near the anus.

There is a risk of recurrence if underlying factors such as constipation and straining are not addressed. Continued good bowel habits and preventive measures are important.